Disputed borders on your maps

Border disputes often represent complex geopolitical disagreements as well as a challenge for cartographers. It is problematic to ensure that maps reflect the borders without any bias towards either side of the conflict. To ease this issue, MapTiler Cloud enables users to display the borders according to the selected country’s policy. In this article, we will show you the way how this is done.

To change disputed borders on your maps, you need to have a MapTiler Cloud account created. If you don’t have one yet, please register for free at MapTiler Cloud or directly purchase at MapTiler Cloud - Plans.

Disputed borders

A boundary or territorial dispute is a disagreement over an area of land claimed by two or more political entities. Each involved party would publish its own maps where the area would be within their state territory. The conflicts can originate from historical background, different religious or ethnic perspectives, the possession of strategic natural resources or of a complex combination of a variety of these factors. What makes the mapping of border disputes even more difficult is the fact, that every conflict is unique and has its own geopolitical issues.

Border disputes have significant meaning in international law as they disrupt its very basis – the state territory. There are a few terms widely used in relation: border dispute, occupied territory and irredentism. Occupied territory, however not accepted by the sovereign states, is usually in control of the occupied state by the military force. Irredentism has a deep basis in history. It is an ideological movement wanting to reclaim lost populations and territories that once declared the independence of their former state.

Now that we know an important theory behind it, we can get a bit more insight into some of the most discussed border disputes of today’s world.

• Kashmir conflict dates back to the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947, the year when the countries split. Both India and Pakistan claim the area of the formerly independent state Kashmir and Jammu with China being involved as a third party.

• Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, and West Bank are territories disputed by Israel and Palestina who did not reach peace even after the 54 years of struggles. In May 2021 the situation escalated again resulting in rocket attacks from Gaza and airstrikes by Israel. The ceasefire was agreed upon on 21 May.

• Western Sahara is a disputed territory over which the Polisario Front and the Kingdom of Morocco are arguing. The territory’s sovereignty is considered as unresolved by the United Nations. The conflict originated from an insurgency against Spanish colonial forces in 1973 and the subsequent Western Sahara War.

• South Sudan gained its independence from Sudan in 2011 following the results of a referendum, making it the most recent sovereign state in the world. Despite that, the disputes over areas such as Abyei or Heglig stayed, as most of the oil reserves come from these regions. This eventually lead to a Civil War which was ended in 2020 by a peace deal and new government. As of July 2021, the implementation of the peace deal was however delayed.

• Crimea crisis started in 2014 when the Crimean Peninsula was annexed by the Russian Federation. Following the events of 2014, a conflict erupted between Russian-backed separatists of the self-declared Donetsk and Luhansk republics and Ukrainian forces. On 24th February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine and thus broke international law. The Russian aggression is still ongoing and presents the biggest threat to Europe's security since the Cold War. 

• Armenia-Azerbaijan border crisis is an ongoing standoff between the military forces of the two countries since the last clashes over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict originated in the early 1920s when both countries were taken over by the Red Army. Although the majority of Nagorno Karabakh’s population is Armenian, the territory was officially a part of Azerbaijan. Following the collapse of the USSR, tensions escalated into the First Nagorno-Karabakh war. In September 2020 a new war erupted in the area resulting in Azerbaijan gaining most of the territories held by Armenia after the first war.

The majority of these border disputes are already included in MapTiler Cloud making it easy for you to adjust the boundaries as you wish. More updates are soon to come, so stay tuned!

Tagging in OpenStreetMap

Displaying the disputed borders according to your preference is enabled by the OpenStreetMap specialized tags such as disputed_name or claimed_by. These tags, however not officially approved, are widely used among users. There were several initiatives proposing the proper tagging of the border disputes, but none of them is active as of July 2021. MapTiler Planet and OpenMapTiles schema used in MapTiler Cloud maps have similar tags that are in compliance with the OSM ones.

Disputed_name tag contains the name of the disputed area without spaces and is valid for country boundaries only (admin_level = 2).

Claimed_by tag consists of the ISO2 country code and specifies the country according to which’s policy the borders will be displayed. A list of the ISO2 country codes can be found for example here.

There is also the basic disputed tag which defines whether the border is (value = 1) or is not disputed (value = 0).

Change disputed borders in one click

MapTiler Cloud allows you to quickly create a map that would be in line with the selected country’s policy.

1. Log in to your Cloud account and select a map either from your maps or Standard maps section: MapTiler Cloud - Maps, then click on Customize a copy.

2. Select Settings (Alt+s) 

3. From the Borders drop-down list select Preferred country borders.

You can choose from the following countries' points of view: Abkhazia, Armenia, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Guyana, India, Israel, Italy, Kenya, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Malawi, Nagorno Karabakh, Nepal, Pakistan, Palestine, Russia, South Ossetia, South Sudan, Spain, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Turkey, Ukraine and Western Sahara.

Advanced changing of disputed borders

If you want to dig a bit deeper into the disputed borders mapping, go to the Layers panel. Click on any borders layer and go to the Data tab.

In the Filter properties, you can work with the disputed attribute tags:

• disputed
• disputed_name
• claimed_by

For highlighting just the borders that are disputed use disputed Yes option (or disputed==1 filter in the JSON editor) and adjust the line styling (you can change color, width or use a dash array).

You can also work with the claimed_by tag and country codes. For example, if you want to see Kashmir from India's point of view, add the filter claimed_by == IN.

With disputed_name filter, you can write specific values stored in the borders data. Click on the preferred border on the map > click on disputed_name > copy the value > add it to the filter with a "plus" button.

Removal of disputed borders

Some claims (such as Moroccan over Western Sahara) require hiding the disputed borders between the two territories. You can filter out the border with claimed_by or  disputed_name tags and then use the "eye" icon next to the layer name to hide it.

Styling

The map design of the disputed borders is often being discussed by cartographers. A dashed line is the most commonly used style. This can be achieved in the Style tab under Advanced outline properties > Dasharray. The format is number, number (lengths of the alternating dashes, gaps that form the dash pattern). Another way to add a bit of uncertainty is a blur (under Effects) or adjustment of opacity. If preferred, you can also edit the whole layer design in the JSON editor (Alt+E).

Conclusion

Border disputes are difficult and complex situations requiring deeper thinking when creating a map. MapTiler Cloud allows every user to easily adjust the borders according to their preferred point of view using MapTiler Customize. MapTiler team carefully checks and maintains the disputed borders in MapTiler Planet. If you would like to add a new country point of view or adjust the existing ones, please don't hesitate to contact our support team.

Useful links

MapTiler Planet schema - boundary